Kubernetes集群安装 （六）

最后更新时间：2019年07月04日

基于kubernetes集群部署DashBoard

仪表板是基于Web的Kubernetes用户界面。您可以使用仪表板将容器化应用程序部署到Kubernetes集群，对容器化应用程序进行故障排除，并管理集群本身及其伴随资源。您可以使用仪表板来概述群集上运行的应用程序，以及创建或修改单个Kubernetes资源（例如部署，作业，守护进程等）。例如，您可以使用部署向导扩展部署，启动滚动更新，重新启动Pod或部署新应用程序。

仪表板还提供有关群集中Kubernetes资源状态以及可能发生的任何错误的信息。

简要介绍一下几个重要概念：

RBAC
K8S 1.6引进，是让用户能够访问 k8S API 资源的授权方式【不授权就没有资格访问K8S的资源】
用户
K8S有两种用户：User和Service Account。其中，User给人用，Service Account给进程用，让进程有相关权限。如Dashboard就是一个进程，我们就可以创建一个Service Account给它
角色
Role是一系列权限的集合，例如一个Role可包含读取和列出 Pod的权限【 ClusterRole 和 Role 类似，其权限范围是整个集群】
角色绑定
RoleBinding把角色映射到用户，从而让这些用户拥有该角色的权限【ClusterRoleBinding 和RoleBinding 类似，可让用户拥有 ClusterRole 的权限】
Secret
Secret是一个包含少量敏感信息如密码，令牌，或秘钥的对象。把这些信息保存在 Secret对象中，可以在这些信息被使用时加以控制，并可以降低信息泄露的风险

很有必要介绍一下官方的kubernetes-dashboard.yaml，我们首先将其下载下来：

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/master/src/deploy/recommended/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml

该文件分为以下几部分：

Dashboard Service
Dashboard Deployment
Dashboard Role
RoleBinding
Dashboard Service Account
Dashboard Secret
这里，我们简单的对各个部分的功能进行介绍：

##
# Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# ------------------- Dashboard Secret ------------------- #

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
  namespace: kube-system
type: Opaque

---
# ------------------- Dashboard Service Account ------------------- #

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kube-system

---
# ------------------- Dashboard Role & Role Binding ------------------- #

kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-minimal
  namespace: kube-system
rules:
  # Allow Dashboard to create 'kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder' secret.
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["secrets"]
  verbs: ["create"]
  # Allow Dashboard to create 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["configmaps"]
  verbs: ["create"]
  # Allow Dashboard to get, update and delete Dashboard exclusive secrets.
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["secrets"]
  resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder", "kubernetes-dashboard-certs"]
  verbs: ["get", "update", "delete"]
  # Allow Dashboard to get and update 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["configmaps"]
  resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-settings"]
  verbs: ["get", "update"]
  # Allow Dashboard to get metrics from heapster.
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["services"]
  resourceNames: ["heapster"]
  verbs: ["proxy"]
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["services/proxy"]
  resourceNames: ["heapster", "http:heapster:", "https:heapster:"]
  verbs: ["get"]

---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-minimal
  namespace: kube-system
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-minimal
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kube-system

---
# ------------------- Dashboard Deployment ------------------- #

kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1beta2
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  replicas: 1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: kubernetes-dashboard
        image: k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8443
          protocol: TCP
        args:
          - --auto-generate-certificates
          # Uncomment the following line to manually specify Kubernetes API server Host
          # If not specified, Dashboard will attempt to auto discover the API server and connect
          # to it. Uncomment only if the default does not work.
          # - --apiserver-host=http://my-address:port
        volumeMounts:
        - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
          mountPath: /certs
          # Create on-disk volume to store exec logs
        - mountPath: /tmp
          name: tmp-volume
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            scheme: HTTPS
            path: /
            port: 8443
          initialDelaySeconds: 30
          timeoutSeconds: 30
      volumes:
      - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
        secret:
          secretName: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
      - name: tmp-volume
        emptyDir: {}
      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
        effect: NoSchedule

---
# ------------------- Dashboard Service ------------------- #

kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard

  1. Dashboard Role

    如上定义了Dashboard 的角色，其角色名称为kubernetes-dashboard-minimal，rules中清晰的列出了其拥有的多个权限。通过名称我们可以猜到，这个权限级别是比较低的。

  2. ServiceAccount

    定义了Dashboard的用户，其类型为ServiceAccount，名称为kubernetes-dashboard。

  3. RoleBinding

    如上定义了Dashboard的角色绑定，其名称为kubernetes-dashboard-minimal，roleRef中为被绑定的角色，也叫kubernetes-dashboard-minimal，subjects中为绑定的用户：kubernetes-dashboard。

  4. Dashboard Secret

  5. Dashboard Deployment

    Dashboard的Deployment指定了其使用的ServiceAccount是kubernetes-dashboard。并且还将Secret kubernetes-dashboard-certs通过volumes挂在到pod内部的/certs路径。为何要挂载Secret ？原因是创建Secret 时会自动生成token。请注意参数--auto-generate-certificates，其表示Dashboard会自动生成证书。

创建步骤：

  1. 创建Dashboard
  2. kubectl create -f kubernetes-dashboard.yaml

    开启代理

    根据官方文档，我们必需在Master上执行kubecll proxy，而后用如下地址访问Dashboard：
    http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy
    但限制就是必需在Master上访问，一般Master机器为服务器，我们的目标是在我们真实的物理机上去访问Master的Dashboard

    所以，在主节点上，我们执行kubectl proxy --address={IP} --disable-filter=true开启代理商。
    其中：

    address表示外界能用192.168.56.101来访问Dashboard，我们也能用0.0.0.0
    disable-filter=true表示禁使用请求过滤功可以，否则我们的请求会被拒绝，并提醒 Forbidden (403) Unauthorized。
    我们也能指定端口，具体请查看kubectl proxy --help
    proxy默认对Master的8001端口进行监听：


这样，我们即可以用如下地址访问登录界面：
http://192.168.56.101:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/#!/login

3. 配置Dashboard

Dashboard的配置是难点，尤其是涉及到安全权限相关，相当复杂，坑也比较多。

进入Dashboard的登录界面后，认证方式有Kubeconfig和令牌两种方式（实际上还有账号密码的方式，默认不开启不显示）

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